Infographics
Ventricular Septal Rupture Ventricular Septal Rupture (VSR) is a rare but serious complication, historically seen after myocardial infarction (MI). The incidence has decreased with reperfusion strategies, yet mortality remains high at 41-80%. 1. When should we worry about VSR?Typically occurs after a first MI in patients with delayed or no…
Post-TAVR: Suicide Left Ventricle High afterload from aortic stenosis leads to compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic pressure overload. After TAVR, rapid reduction in afterload can lead to increased contractility from the chronically hypertrophied LV, resulting in cavity obliteration. Treatment Approach: Treat Like Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Obstruction Ensure adequate preload…
CardioVascular Prevention 4 + 2 = CV Prevention 4 Steps of Risk Stratification Qualitative Risk ApproximationIdentify major risk factors, initiate counseling, and education. Quantitative Risk EstimationUse a validated model, such as Pooled Cohort Equations in the United States. Risk Enhancing FactorsFor individuals with intermediate risk, assess additional poorly represented factors.…
COVID and Cardiogenic Shock Diagnose Cardiogenic Shock at BedsideOn exam, look for signs of poor flow: narrow pulse pressure, labored respirations or Cheyne-Stokes respirations, abdominal bloating/nausea, evidence of volume overload, and cool extremities. If PAC is available, a mixed venous O₂ less than 55-60% is suggestive of cardiogenic shock. COVID…
Coronary Artery Embolism Etiology Direct: Clot (LV thrombus, LAA Thrombus), Valve (Vegetation, Thrombus, Fibroelastoma), Mass (Myxoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma) Paradoxical: Right to Left from Venous System/Right Heart, Via PFO or Interatrial Shunt Iatrogenic: s/p Coronary Angiography or Cardiac Surgery (Most Common Cause) Scoring Major: Angiographic evidence without significant atherosclerosis, coronary emboli in…
Syphilitic Aortitis and Severe AR Characterizing Severe Aortic RegurgitationAR is characterized as acute or chronic, with acute AR often presenting with severe cardiovascular collapse. Further classification includes primary (valve disorder) or secondary (aortic root/aorta disorder) AR. Stages of Chronic ARChronic AR leads to increased LV volume and wall stress. In…
Severe Aortic Regurgitation This flowchart categorizes causes of severe aortic regurgitation (AR) into chronic and acute forms. Chronic AR may arise from leaflet abnormalities due to infections, inflammatory conditions, or structural issues, while aortopathy-related AR is associated with genetic conditions or degenerative changes. Acute AR can result from traumatic or…
Pathophysiology of Aortic Regurgitation This infographic details the progression of aortic regurgitation (AR) from early mild stages to decompensated severe AR. In early AR, there is minimal volume overload, and patients remain asymptomatic. Acute severe AR causes rapid volume increase, leading to cardiogenic shock and potential pulmonary edema. Chronic severe…
Pathophysiology of Aortic Stenosis and Pregnancy Considerations Summary:This infographic illustrates the pathophysiological changes in left ventricular (LV) function due to aortic stenosis (AS) and explores the impact of AS on pregnancy. It explains how AS increases afterload and LV wall stress, leading to compensatory LV hypertrophy. In pregnancy, AS can…
Cardiac Platypnea-Orthodeoxia This infographic explains the mechanism behind cardiac platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS), where patients experience dyspnea and hypoxia upon standing. This condition requires both an anatomic (such as a PFO) and functional component (e.g., pulmonary hypertension). It illustrates the changes in right-to-left shunting based on body positioning (supine vs. standing)…